1. "Tel" is the spelling used with Hebrew site names. "Tell" is used with Arabic site names and when referring to mounds in general.

1. These other names can be found on page 27 of this chapter but are addressed in depth in chapter 5, pp. 173-76, and chapter 6, pp. 190-93.

2. In chapter 3, in a discussion of Egyptian records, it is noted that the Philistines were one of a group of invading peoples most often referred to today as the Sea Peoples. These invaders were defeated and repulsed by the Egyptians, and they finally settled north of Egypt in various places along Canaan's coast. See also Mendenhall (1973, 10-12) and T. Dothan (1982a, 25) for a discussion of ethnic and cultural homogeneity.

3. This is the same plain where in later years Saul battled the Philistines, who controlled the plain at that time.

4. See chapter 6, pp. 190-93, as well as Naveh (1962).

5. See chapter 5, pp. 177-78, as well as Myers (1986b, 29).

1. The primary published sources used for this chapter were T. Dothan (1982a and b, 1989, 1990), T. Dothan and Gitin (1990), Gitin (1989a and b, 1990), and Gitin and T. Dothan (1987).

2. More detailed description of Philistine pottery can be found in T. Dothan (1982a and b) and in A. Mazar (1990, 313-17, 364 n. 24).

1. The primary published sources used for this section were Bright (1981), M. Dothan (1989), T. Dothan (1982a and b), Gardiner (1961), A. Mazar (1990), Sandars (1978), Stager (1991a), Stiebing (1980), Wright (1966), and Yurco (1990).

2. The lists and discussion can be found in Albright (1950, 166-67), Barnett (1975, 366-67), Breasted (1906, 3:241ff.), Daniel and Evans (1975, 741-42), M. Dothan (1989, 63-64), and Gardiner (1961, 270ff.).

3. The lists and discussion can be found in Albright (1950, 170-72; 1975, 507ff.), ANET, 262-63, Barnett (1975, 371ff.), and Breasted (1906, 4:24, 38, 41, 48).

4. Numerous sources compare descriptions of the Sea Peoples with descriptions of Aegean peoples. Representative of them are T. Dothan (1982a, 5ff.), A. Mazar (1990, 304ff.), Mitchell (1967, 412ff.), Raban and Stieglitz (1991, 38-39), Sandars (1978,132ff.), and especially Yadin (1963, 2:248-53, 334-45).

5. The primary published sources for this section were Albright (1975), Barnett (1975), Desborough (1964), T. Dothan (1982a), A. Mazar (1990), Sandars (1978), Stiebing (1980, 1989), Vermeule (1972), and Wainwright (1961).

6. See Douglas (1962, 199), Elwell (1988, 1:415-16), ISBE (1:610), and Stiebing (1980, 14).

7. Although most current scholarship concerning Caphtor points to Crete, there are two other possible locations for Caphtor. One is in southwest Anatolia, which does have numerous ties to Crete, and the other is in southeast Anatolia or the Mediterranean coast of Syria. A basic reason for suggesting southwest Anatolia is that the Greek Septuagint translation of the Bible translates Caphtor in Deuteronomy 2:23 and Amos 9:7 as Cappadocia. T. Dothan believes this equation is an error, due perhaps to the fact that Cappadocia had a prominent position in southeast Anatolia at the time of the composition of the Septuagint. Remember, also, that the Ugaritic text just mentioned tells of a ship from Kapturi to Ugarit, whereas in all likelihood, land routes would have been utilized from Cappadocia to Ugarit rather than sea routes. For more information see T. Dothan (1982a, 21), ISBE (1:611-12), and Wainwright (1959, 73-84).

8. Cretan seals have been found near Gaza on the Philistine coast, the area directly linked with the Cretans. See Barnett (1975, 373) and Albright (1975, 511-12).

9. Stager predicts that when longer Philistine texts are uncovered -- this is only a matter of time -- the texts will be in Mycenaean Greek, since the Sea Peoples were originally Mycenaean Greek (1991a, 36).

10. Waldbaum has some serious detractors, however, concerning her conclusions about the Mycenaean antecedents of these cemetery 900 tombs. T. Dothan says that they contain too few Mycenaean artifacts for them to have been built by invaders of the Egyptian territory or mercenaries (1982a, 260). Stiebing states that the type of tomb is not unusual in the Near East (1970, 139).

11. Albright uses the study of names and the Luwian dialect to place the origin of the Philistines in southwest Anatolia.

12. The primary published sources used for this section were Karageorghis (1982, 1984) and Karageorghis and Demas (1985). The other main source was Dikaios (1979a-c). A. Mazar, T. Dothan, Sandars, and others use the findings of these individuals in their publications.

1. The high chronology was adapted from older sources, the low chronology from Wente and Van Siclen (1976).

2. The primary published sources used for this section were M. Dothan (1968, 1969, 1979, and 1989), T. Dothan (1985), and her respondents on pages 215-32 of the same book.

3. The primary published sources used for this section were Boling (1975), Kelm and A. Mazar (1985 and 1989), and A. Mazar (1985c and 1990).

4. Stager has said that when the "archives" are found "those texts will be in Mycenaean Greek (that is, in Linear B or some related script)" (1991a, 36). See T. Dothan (1982b, 31) and Kelm and A. Mazar (1982, 18-19; 1989, 41-42) for further discussion and pictures of the seals, bullae, and writing from the ancient Near East.

5. Beth-shemesh, meaning "House of the Sun (god)," at the eastern end of the Sorek Valley is another candidate for Delilah's home. It too had a Philistine presence (pottery) at one time. This will be addressed later.

6. The primary published sources used for this section were Boling (1975), Negev (1986, 315-17), and especially A. Mazar (1973, 1977, 1980, 1985b, 1990, 317-23).

7. The primary published sources used for this section were T. Dothan (1989, 1990) and Gitin and T. Dothan (1987).

8. The primary published sources used for this section were Bright (1981), McCarter (1980), Pfeiffer (1973), Wright (1966), and especially Finkelstein (1986) and Kaufman (1988).

9. The primary published sources used for this section were M. Dothan (1979, 1989), M. Dothan and Freedman (1967), M. Dothan et al. (1971), T. Dothan (1985), A. Mazar (1980, 1985b), McCarter (1980), and Negev (1986, 60-61).

10. For more information on Dagon, consult Achtemeier (1985), Curtis (1985), Douglas (1962), ISBE (vol. 1), A. Mazar (1985b), McCarter (1980), and Mitchell (1967).

11. Studies have determined that the population density of typical cities in Canaan would have been around 160-200 people per acre (Broshi 1978, 10; Broshi and Gophna 1984, 41-53). Qasile with its four acres, for example, would then have had approximately 640-800 people, of which about 200 would have been adult males. These 200 would have been able to assemble in the Qasile temple courtyard very nicely (A. Mazar 1985b, 130). A similar courtyard of their god Dagon in Ashdod, Gath, and Ekron might have been a fitting place for the Lord to afflict the Philistines with "tumors."

12. The primary published sources used for this section and not mentioned in the text were T. Dothan (1990), Gitin and T. Dothan (1987), ISBE (3:158), and A. Mazar (1990, 312).

1. Naveh (1985, 9, 13 n. 14) states that Ikausu, the name of the king of Ekron in the seventh century b.c., is a non-Semitic name that can be associated with that of the Achish of Gath in David's time. The name in the seventh century has a shin ending that is non-West Semitic.

2. The primary sources used for this section were T. Dothan (1982a, 81-82, 268-76; 1982b, 41-42), Fitzgerald (1967), A. Mazar (1990, 355-56), Negev (1986, 59-60), and Rowe (1940). Note that the nrsv translation has two different spellings for Beth-shean/Beth-shan, as do other major translations.

3. The primary sources used for this section were Bright (1981, 198-201) and McCarter (1984).

4. Primary published sources used for this section but not specifically cited in the text were Dever (1967), Gitin (1989b), and Wright (1966).

5. This is an incised limestone tablet (4 inches by 3 inches) with an alphabetic script found at Gezer and dated by scholars to the tenth century (925) b.c. It may have been a schoolboy's exercise copy, and it appears to be a mnemonic ditty in Hebrew of the agricultural calendar relating the seasons of the year to their agricultural activities. " . . . His month is hoeing up of flax, His month is harvest of barley . . . " [ANET, 320]. This tablet helps us understand the biblical references to months and seasons. The Hebrew script is written in horizontal lines reading from right to left.

6. Not all authorities agree that the two objects were placed in the ark; see, for example, Myers (1986b, 29), who states that this was a later tradition. Both ISBE (1:293) and Elwell (1988, 1:169) do state that the objects were in the ark. See also ISBE (4:1169-70) and Elwell (1988, 2:2176-77).

1. The primary published sources used for this section but not specifically mentioned in the text were Bright (1981, 198f.), T. Dothan and Gitin (1986), Gitin (1990), A. Mazar (1977, 1984), Negev (1986, 41-43), and Shanks (1984).

2. The primary published sources used for this section but not specifically mentioned in the text were Bright (1981, 254-55), ISBE (1:617-18), and Yeivin (1979, 154-55).

3. The primary published source used for this section was King (1988a and 1988b).

4. The primary published sources used for this section but not specifically cited in the text were Bright (1981, 271-78), Myers (1986b), Oded (1979, 241-44), and Yeivin (1979, 174-78).

5. The primary published sources used for this section but not cited specifically in the text were M. Dothan (1968, 1969), A. Mazar (1990, 531-35), and Tadmor (1966, 90-102).

6. More about the textile industry in Philistia will be explained in chapter 7, but for now just a brief note about the fish is called for. While we excavate, we save all skeletal material. I remember that, already back in 1984 at Ekron, I excavated large fragments of what turned out to be Nile perch. The excavators at Ashkelon also found such remains, and we debated how the fish might have come to our sites and how the Nile perch might have been used in Philistine towns.

1. The primary published sources used for this section but not specifically mentioned in the text were Bright (1981, 278-309, which contains an excursus on Sennacherib's campaigns), Gitin (1987, 1989b), Gitin and T. Dothan (1987), Oded (1979), Porten (1981), Reviv (1979), and Tadmor (1966, 95-102).

2. See especially Gitin (1990, 36-40) for additional information and pictures of the olive oil production process.

3. All the artifacts common to the industrial buildings were found in the industrial sector of the upper city, with one notable exception. No altars have been found there yet, but this area has not been excavated as fully as the area by the gate or the area in the center of the town.

4. The primary published source used for this section was Gitin (1989a, 52-57 and 1991, 1-18). Other published sources used were Herzog, Aharoni, and Rainey (1987, 16-35), A. Mazar (1990, 492-501), and Miller and Hayes (1986, 397-402, with pictures).

5. The primary published sources used for this section were Kelm and A. Mazar (1989) and A. Mazar (1990, 465-70, 489-91, 531-36).

6. The primary published source for this section was Naveh (1962, 89-113). Other sources used were Aharoni (1982a, 264, 270-71), Pfeiffer (1973, 371-74), and Tadmor (1966, 97-102).

7. The primary published sources used for this section but not cited specifically in the text were Bright (1981, 310-16, 320-21) and Pfeiffer (1973, 369-70, 376-77).

1. The following published sources were used for this chapter but were not specifically cited in the text: Bright (1981, 326-31), Pfeiffer (1973, 375-82), and Tadmor (1966, 102).